Liste der kommunistischen Ideologien

Seit der Zeit von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels^[1] gab es eine Vielzahl von Entwicklungen in der kommunistischen Theorie und den Versuchen, eine kommunistische Gesellschaft aufzubauen,^[2] was zu einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher kommunistischer Ideologien führte.^[3] Diese umfassen philosophische, soziale, politische und wirtschaftliche Ideologien und Bewegungen^[2] und können in drei große Kategorien unterteilt werden: marxistische Ideologien, leninistische Ideologien und nicht-marxistische Ideologien, obwohl der Einfluss zwischen den verschiedenen Ideologien durchgehend zu finden ist und Schlüsseltheoretiker können als zu mehreren Ideologien gehörend oder wichtig für diese beschrieben werden.

Leninistische Ideologien

Leninismus^[6]
Marxismus-Leninismus^[6]^[7]^[8]
Stalinismus^[9]^[8]
Trotzkismus^[10]^[11]^[12]
Maoismus^[13]
Deng-Xiaoping-Theorie^[13]^[14]
Marxismus–Leninismus–Maoismus^[15]
Marxismus–Leninismus–Maoismus–Prachanda Weg
Madanismus
Hoxhaismus
Titoismus^[16]^[17]^[18]
Ho-Chi-Minh-Philosophie^[19]^[20]
Castroismus
Guevarismus
Sankarismus
Chruschtschowismus
Gulaschkommunismus
Husakismus
Kaysone-Phomvihane-Philosophie

Andere marxistisch Ideologien

Libertärer Marxismus
Austromarxismus
Linker Kommunismus
Ultralinks
Autonomismus
Westlicher Marxismus
Eurokommunismus
Luxemburgismus
Rätekommunismus^[21]^[22]^[23]
De Leonismus
Situationistische Internationale
Impossibilismus
Marxistischer Feminismus
Marxistischer Humanismus

Nichtmarxistischer Kommunismus^[24]

Vormarxistischer Kommunismus
Urkommunismus
Kommunistischer Anarchismus^[25]^[26]
Kommunistische Bundismus
Religiöser Kommunismus^[27]^[28]
- Christlicher Kommunismus^[8]^[29]^[30]^[31]
- Islamischer Kommunismus^[32]
Neozapatismo
Chuch’e-Ideologie
Nkrumaismus
Neue Linke

Kommunistische Theoretiker des 21. Jahrhunderts

Kommunistische Theoretiker des 21. Jahrhunderts

Siehe auch[Bearbeiten]

Historischer Materialismus

Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten]

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Algis Krupavičius: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 2. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Communist Parties, S. 314–320, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Marc Lazar: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 2. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Communism, S. 310–314, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).
↑ Richard Wolff, Stephen Resnick: Economics: Marxian versus Neoclassical. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0-8018-3480-6, S. 130 (english, archive.org): “The German Marxists extended the theory to groups and issues Marx had barely touched. Marxian analyses of the legal system, of the social role of women, of foreign trade, of international rivalries among capitalist nations, and the role of parliamentary democracy in the transition to socialism drew animated debates. […] Marxian theory (singular) gave way to Marxian theories (plural).”
↑ Georg Lukács: History & Class Consciousness. Merlin Press, 1967, What is Orthodox Marxism? (marxists.org – Erstausgabe: 1919): „Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx's investigations. It is not the 'belief' in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a 'sacred' book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to method.“
↑ Leszek Kołakowski: Main Currents of Marxism. W. W. Norton & Company, New York 2005 (english).
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Terrence Ball: The Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0, Communism, S. 284–285 (english).
↑ W. John Morgan: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier, Oxford 2015, ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8, Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism, S. 657, 659 (english): “Lenin argued that power could be secured on behalf of the proletariat through the so-called vanguard leadership of a disciplined and revolutionary communist party, organized according to what was effectively the military principle of democratic centralism. ... The basics of Marxism–Leninism were in place by the time of Lenin's death in 1924. ... The revolution was to be accomplished in two stages. First, a 'dictatorship of the proletariat,' managed by the élite 'vanguard' communist party, would suppress counterrevolution, and ensure that natural economic resources and the means of production and distribution were in common ownership. Finally, communism would be achieved in a classless society in which Party and State would have 'withered away.'”
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 Thomas Lansford: Communism. Cavendish Square Publishing, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-7614-2628-8 (english).
↑ Thomas Bottomore: A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell, 1991, ISBN 978-0-631-18082-1, S. 54 (english).
↑ Bertrand M. Patenaude: The Cambridge History of Communism. Band 1. Cambridge University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-1-316-13702-4, 7 - Trotsky and Trotskyism, doi:10.1017/9781316137024 (english).
↑ Elliott Johnson, David Walker, Daniel Gray: Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham; Boulder; New York; London 2014, ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8, Fourth International (FI), S. 155 (english).
↑ Neil Robinson: Marxism and Social Science. Palgrave Macmillan, London 1999, ISBN 978-1-349-27456-7, Marxism, Communism and Post-communism, S. 302–319, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27456-7_15 (english).
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 Dingping Guo: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 5. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Marxism, S. 1495–1501, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).
↑ Zeng Changqiu: Qinghai Social Sciences. Nr. 2, 2005, 列宁的新经济政策与邓小平的改革开放之比较, S. 9–13 (中文, exuezhe.com).
↑ On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. Communist Party of Peru. 1982.
↑ Jozef Wilczynski: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism. The Macmillan Press, 1981, ISBN 978-1-349-05806-8, Tito, S. 597, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05806-8 (english).
↑ James Robertson: Jacobin. 17. Juli 2017, The Life and Death of Yugoslav Socialism (english, jacobinmag.com).
↑ Attila Ágh: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 8. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Socialist Systems, S. 2456–2461, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).
↑ The persistence of Single-Party Dictatorships: The Case of Vietnam (en) Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong. January 2012.
↑ The Organization of the Practice of the Ho Chi Minh Movement and the Learning of its Moral Codes (en) Vietnam Communist Party.
↑ Elliott Johnson, David Walker, Daniel Gray: Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham; Boulder; New York; London 2014, ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8, Pannekoek, Antonie (1873–1960), S. 313–314 (english).
↑ Marcel van der Linden: Historical Materialism. Band 12, Nr. 4, 2004, On Council Communism, S. 27–50, doi:10.1163/1569206043505275 (english).
↑ James Muldoon: Intellectual History Review. Band 31, Nr. 2, 2021, After council communism: the post-war rediscovery of the council tradition, S. 341–362, doi:10.1080/17496977.2020.1738762 (english).
↑ Terence Ball, Richard Dagger: Encyclopædia Britannica. Non-Marxian communism (english, britannica.com [abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2021]).
↑ Peter Marshall: Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. Fontana Press, London 1993, ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1, S. 9 (english).
↑ Jozef Wilczynski: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism. The Macmillan Press, 1981, ISBN 978-1-349-05806-8, Kropotkin, Peter Alekseievich, Prince, S. 293, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05806-8 (english).
↑ T. B. Browning: The Canadian Monthly and National Review. Band 13, 1878, Communism, S. 577 (english, google.com [abgerufen am 23. Juni 2016]).
↑ Hans J. Hillerbrand: Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-1-135-96028-5, S. 800 (english, google.com).
↑ Erik van Ree: Boundaries of Utopia - Imagining Communism from Plato to Stalin. Routledge, 2015, ISBN 978-1-134-48533-8 (english, google.com).
↑ Alan Richardson: The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. SCM Press, London, England 1989, ISBN 978-0-334-02208-4, Marxist Theology, S. 352 (english, google.com).
↑ Roland Boer: Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition. 2019, ISBN 978-90-04-39477-3, Chapter 11 Christian Communism and the Bolsheviks, S. 166–182, doi:10.1163/9789004394773_013 (english).
↑ Marxism and Islam (en) Oxford University. Archiviert vom Original am 5 May 2015.

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[Krupavičius-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Algis Krupavičius: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 2. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Communist Parties, S. 314–320, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).

[Lazar-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Marc Lazar: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 2. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Communism, S. 310–314, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).

[Wolff_1987-3] Richard Wolff, Stephen Resnick: Economics: Marxian versus Neoclassical. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0-8018-3480-6, S. 130 (english, archive.org): “The German Marxists extended the theory to groups and issues Marx had barely touched. Marxian analyses of the legal system, of the social role of women, of foreign trade, of international rivalries among capitalist nations, and the role of parliamentary democracy in the transition to socialism drew animated debates. […] Marxian theory (singular) gave way to Marxian theories (plural).”

[4] Georg Lukács: History & Class Consciousness. Merlin Press, 1967, What is Orthodox Marxism? (marxists.org – Erstausgabe: 1919): „Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx's investigations. It is not the 'belief' in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a 'sacred' book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to method.“

[5] Leszek Kołakowski: Main Currents of Marxism. W. W. Norton & Company, New York 2005 (english).

[Ball-6] 6,0 ^6,1 Terrence Ball: The Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0, Communism, S. 284–285 (english).

[johnmorgan-ideology-7] W. John Morgan: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier, Oxford 2015, ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8, Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism, S. 657, 659 (english): “Lenin argued that power could be secured on behalf of the proletariat through the so-called vanguard leadership of a disciplined and revolutionary communist party, organized according to what was effectively the military principle of democratic centralism. ... The basics of Marxism–Leninism were in place by the time of Lenin's death in 1924. ... The revolution was to be accomplished in two stages. First, a 'dictatorship of the proletariat,' managed by the élite 'vanguard' communist party, would suppress counterrevolution, and ensure that natural economic resources and the means of production and distribution were in common ownership. Finally, communism would be achieved in a classless society in which Party and State would have 'withered away.'”

[Lansford-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 Thomas Lansford: Communism. Cavendish Square Publishing, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-7614-2628-8 (english).

[9] Thomas Bottomore: A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Wiley-Blackwell, 1991, ISBN 978-0-631-18082-1, S. 54 (english).

[10] Bertrand M. Patenaude: The Cambridge History of Communism. Band 1. Cambridge University Press, 2017, ISBN 978-1-316-13702-4, 7 - Trotsky and Trotskyism, doi:10.1017/9781316137024 (english).

[11] Elliott Johnson, David Walker, Daniel Gray: Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham; Boulder; New York; London 2014, ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8, Fourth International (FI), S. 155 (english).

[12] Neil Robinson: Marxism and Social Science. Palgrave Macmillan, London 1999, ISBN 978-1-349-27456-7, Marxism, Communism and Post-communism, S. 302–319, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27456-7_15 (english).

[Guo-13] 13,0 ^13,1 Dingping Guo: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 5. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Marxism, S. 1495–1501, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).

[14] Zeng Changqiu: Qinghai Social Sciences. Nr. 2, 2005, 列宁的新经济政策与邓小平的改革开放之比较, S. 9–13 (中文, exuezhe.com).

[On_Marxism-Leninism-Maoism-15] On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. Communist Party of Peru. 1982.

[16] Jozef Wilczynski: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism. The Macmillan Press, 1981, ISBN 978-1-349-05806-8, Tito, S. 597, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05806-8 (english).

[17] James Robertson: Jacobin. 17. Juli 2017, The Life and Death of Yugoslav Socialism (english, jacobinmag.com).

[18] Attila Ágh: International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Band 8. SAGE Publications, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6, Socialist Systems, S. 2456–2461, doi:10.4135/9781412994163 (english).

[19] The persistence of Single-Party Dictatorships: The Case of Vietnam (en) Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong. January 2012.

[20] The Organization of the Practice of the Ho Chi Minh Movement and the Learning of its Moral Codes (en) Vietnam Communist Party.

[21] Elliott Johnson, David Walker, Daniel Gray: Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham; Boulder; New York; London 2014, ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8, Pannekoek, Antonie (1873–1960), S. 313–314 (english).

[22] Marcel van der Linden: Historical Materialism. Band 12, Nr. 4, 2004, On Council Communism, S. 27–50, doi:10.1163/1569206043505275 (english).

[23] James Muldoon: Intellectual History Review. Band 31, Nr. 2, 2021, After council communism: the post-war rediscovery of the council tradition, S. 341–362, doi:10.1080/17496977.2020.1738762 (english).

[24] Terence Ball, Richard Dagger: Encyclopædia Britannica. Non-Marxian communism (english, britannica.com [abgerufen am 27. Oktober 2021]).

[25] Peter Marshall: Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. Fontana Press, London 1993, ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1, S. 9 (english).

[26] Jozef Wilczynski: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism. The Macmillan Press, 1981, ISBN 978-1-349-05806-8, Kropotkin, Peter Alekseievich, Prince, S. 293, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-05806-8 (english).

[Browning-27] T. B. Browning: The Canadian Monthly and National Review. Band 13, 1878, Communism, S. 577 (english, google.com [abgerufen am 23. Juni 2016]).

[Hillerbrand-28] Hans J. Hillerbrand: Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-1-135-96028-5, S. 800 (english, google.com).

[Ree-29] Erik van Ree: Boundaries of Utopia - Imagining Communism from Plato to Stalin. Routledge, 2015, ISBN 978-1-134-48533-8 (english, google.com).

[30] Alan Richardson: The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. SCM Press, London, England 1989, ISBN 978-0-334-02208-4, Marxist Theology, S. 352 (english, google.com).

[31] Roland Boer: Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition. 2019, ISBN 978-90-04-39477-3, Chapter 11 Christian Communism and the Bolsheviks, S. 166–182, doi:10.1163/9789004394773_013 (english).

[32] Marxism and Islam (en) Oxford University. Archiviert vom Original am 5 May 2015.

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